Right to equality (Articles 14-18):
This includes equality before the law, prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth, and equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22):
This encompasses the right to freedom of speech and expression, assembly, association, movement, residence, and the right to practice any profession, occupation, trade, or business.
Right against Exploitation (Articles 23-24):
This includes the prohibition of forced labor, child labor, and trafficking of human beings.
Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28):
This guarantees the freedom to practice, profess, and propagate any religion, subject to public order, morality, and health.
Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30):
These provide for the protection of the interests of minorities in terms of culture, language, and education.
Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32):
This grants individuals the right to move to the Supreme Court for the enforcement of their fundamental rights. It is considered the “heart and soul” of the Constitution.
Right to Equality
ARTICLE 14: EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW
The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.
ARTICLE 15: PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATION ON GROUNDS OF RELIGION, RACE, CASTE, SEX, OR PLACE OF BIRTH
(1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth, or any of them.
(2) No citizen shall, on the ground only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth, or any of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction, or condition about –
(a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels, and places of public entertainment; or
(b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads, and places of public resort maintained whole or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public.
(3) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any special provision for women and children.
(4) Nothing in this article or in clause (2) or Article 29 shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or the Scheduled Castes and the ScheduledEMPLOYMENT
ARTICLE 16: EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY IN MATTERS OF PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT
(1) There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State.
(2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence, or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of, any employment or office under the State.
(3) Nothing in this article shall prevent Parliament from making any law prescribing, regarding a class or classes of employment or appointment to an office under the Government of, or any local or other authority within, a State or Union territory, any requirement as to residence within that State or Union territory before such employment or appointment.
(4) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for the in favor of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the language
17: ABOLITION OF UNTOUCHABILITY
“Untouchability” is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of “Untouchability” shall be an offense punishable by the law.
ARTICLE 18: ABOLITION OF TITLES
(1) No title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State.
(2) No citizen of India shall accept any title from any foreign State.
(3) No person who is not a citizen of India shall, while he holds any office of profit or trust under the State, accept without the consent of the President any title from any foreign State.
(4) No person holding any office of profit or trust under the State shall, without the consent of the President, accept any present, emolument, or office of any kind from or under any foreign State.
Right to Freedom
ARTICLE 19: PROTECTION OF CERTAIN RIGHTS REGARDING FREEDOM OF SPEECH, ETC.
(1) All citizens shall have the right-
(a) to freedom of speech and expression;
(b) to assemble peaceably and without arms;
(c) to form associations or unions;
(d) to move freely throughout the territory of India;
(e) to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; and
(f) to practice any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade, or business.
ARTICLE 20: PROTECTION IN RESPECT OF CONVICTION FOR OFFENCES
(1) No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offence, not be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence.
(2) No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once.
(3) No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
ARTICLE 21: PROTECTION OF LIFE AND PERSONAL LIBERTY
No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to
Article 21A: Fundamental Rights to Education
The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may, by law, determine.
ARTICLE 22: PROTECTION AGAINST ARREST AND DETENTION IN CERTAIN CASES
(1) No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice.
(2) Every person who is arrested and detained in custody shall be produced before the nearest magistrate within twenty-four hours of such arrest excluding the time necessary for the journey from the place of arrest to the court of the magistrate and no such person shall be detained in custody beyond the said period without the authority of a magistrate
Right against Exploitation
ARTICLE 23: PROHIBITION OF TRAFFIC IN HUMAN BEINGS AND FORCED LABOR
(1) Traffic in human beings and begar and other similar forms of forced labor are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable by the law.
(2) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from imposing compulsory service for public purposes, and in imposing such service the State shall not make any discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste, or class, or any of them.
ARTICLE 24: PROHIBITION OF EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN IN FACTORIES, ETC.
No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment.
Right to Freedom of Religion
ARTICLE 25: FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE AND FREE PROFESSION, PRACTICE, AND PROPAGATION OF RELIGION
(1) Subject to public order, morality, and health and to the other provisions of this Part, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practice and propagate religion.
(2) Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the State from making any law –
ARTICLE 26: FREEDOM TO MANAGE RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS
Subject to public order, morality, and health, every religious denomination or any section thereof shall have the right –
(a) to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes;
(b) to manage its affairs in matters of religion;
(c) to own and acquire movable and immovable property; and
(d) to administer such property by the law.
ARTICLE 27: FREEDOM AS TO PAYMENT OF TAXES FOR THE PROMOTION OF ANY PARTICULAR RELIGION
No person shall be compelled to pay any taxes, the proceeds of which are specifically appropriated in payment of expenses for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination.
ARTICLE 28: FREEDOM AS TO ATTENDANCE AT RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION OR RELIGIOUS WORSHIP IN CERTAIN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
(1) No religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution wholly maintained out of State funds.
(2) Nothing in clause (1) shall apply to an educational institution that is administered by the State but has been established under any endowment or trust which requires that religious instruction shall be imparted in such institution.
(3) No person attending any educational institution recognized by the State or receiving aid out of State funds shall be required to take part in any religious instruction that may be imparted in such institution or to attend any religious worship that may be conducted in such institution or in any premises attached thereto unless such person or, if such person is minor, his guardian has given his consent thereto.
Cultural and Educational Rights
ARTICLE 29: PROTECTION OF INTERESTS OF MINORITIES
(1) Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part thereof having a distinct language, script, or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same.
(2) No citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution maintained by the State or receiving aid out of State funds on grounds only of religion, race, caste, language, or any of them.
ARTICLE 30: RIGHT OF MINORITIES TO ESTABLISH AND ADMINISTER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
(1) All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
(1A) In making any law providing for the compulsory acquisition of any property of an educational institution established and administered by a minority, referred to in clause (1), the State shall ensure that the amount fixed by or determined under such law for the acquisition of such property is such as would not restrict or abrogate the right guaranteed under that clause.
(2) The State shall not, in granting aid to educational institutions, discriminate against any educational institution on the ground that it is under the management of a minority, whether based on religion or language
Right to Constitutional Remedies
ARTICLE 32: REMEDIES FOR ENFORCEMENT OF RIGHTS CONFERRED BY THIS PART
(1) The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by this Part is guaranteed.
(2) The Supreme Court shall have the power to issue directions or orders or writs, including writs like habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto, and certiorari, whichever may be appropriate, for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by this Part.
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